Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide; it is a highly invasive hepatobiliary malignancy with poor prognosis [1]. Surgical resection remains the only curative treatment for iCCA, but over 70% of cases are unresectable at diagnosis [1], and patients frequently face a high recurrence rate of 50–70% after surgery [2]. For patients with unresectable iCCA, systemic therapies, including chemotherapies, targeted thera…