Over the past several decades, the number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) has been rising steadily. As of 2021, the global prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged 20–79 was approximately 10.5 % (about 536.6 million people), and this figure is projected to increase to 12.2 % (about 783.2 million people) by 2045 [1]. Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), accounting for 30 %–50 % of all CKD cases. The CKD that results from diabetes is clinically known as diabeti…