Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent condition. It remains one of the major causes of disability and death worldwide, leading to enormous public-health problems and economic burdens [1–3]. COPD is occasionally accompanied by periods of acute exacerbations. The exacerbation of COPD (ECOPD) is a pivotal driver for adverse clinical outcomes, leading to a significant deterioration in pulmonary function, a marked decrease in life quality, and a higher risk of mortality [4–6]. E…