Lung cancer continues to be the foremost cause of global cancer deaths, particularly in China [1,2]. Early-stage lung cancer often presents as small pulmonary nodules. Improvements in high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and the broad adoption of low-dose CT screening have significantly enhanced the detection rates of GGNs[3,4]. GGNs exhibit a higher likelihood of malignancy than solid nodules[5,6]; nonetheless, a substantial proportion are histopathologically confirmed as benign[7]. Clinica…