Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality globally [1]. While low-dose CT (LDCT) screening has effectively reduced mortality [2], it has simultaneously increased indeterminate pulmonary nodules, demanding urgent non-invasive risk stratification to prevent overdiagnosis [3]. This requirement is critical for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), where the preoperative differentiation of invasive adenocarcinoma (IA), an aggressive pathological stage with distinct metastatic potential, from no…