Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is a disfiguring and potentially sight-threatening autoimmune disease [1,2]. While it most commonly affects patients with Graves’ disease (approximately 90 % of cases), it can also manifest in patients who are euthyroid or hypothyroid. Its complex pathophysiology is driven by an autoimmune response targeting the thyrotropin (TSHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1R) receptor complex on orbital fibroblasts. This …