Complications from complex biliary surgery, including live donor liver transplantation, radical resection of biliary tumors, and hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis, occur at a high rate of up to about 30 % [1–4], which mainly consist of biliary injury, bleeding, bile fistula, and biliary stricture. These complications can severely impact patients’ surgical outcomes, quality of life, and even endanger their lives. A key reason is the intricate and variable anatomical structure of the intrahepatic bi…