Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an oncological disease with high mortality and poor prognosis, although there have been advances in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic strategies [1,2]. Accurate prognostication of postoperative outcomes is crucial for optimizing patient care and treatment planning [3–9]. Currently, prognostic prediction in PDAC heavily relies on clinicopathological parameters, such as tumor stage, grade, and markers [1,2,10]. However, these factors alone may not fully …